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Description :- Now fully revised and updated, Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 15th Edition, remains your go-to reference for authoritative content on the full spectrum of adult and pediatric endocrine system disorders. World-renowned authors and editors expertly bridge the gap between basic science and clinical information, keeping you up to date with recent advances in medications, therapies, clinical trials, and more. This essential reference is a must-have resource for endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, gynecologists, internists, pediatricians, and other clinicians who need current, comprehensive coverage of this multifaceted field.

Table of contents

• Section I. Hormones and Hormone Action

• 1. Principles of Endocrinology

• The Evolutionary Perspective

• Endocrine Glands

• Transport of Hormones in Blood

• Target Cells as Active Participants

• Control of Hormone Secretion

• Hormone Measurement

• Endocrine Diseases

• Diagnostic and Therapeutic Uses of Hormones

• Future Perspectives

• 2. Principles of Hormone Action

• Introduction to Hormone Signaling

• Basic Principles of Hormone Action

• Types of Hormone Receptors

• Receptor Tyrosine Protein Kinases

• Receptor Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases

• Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

• Coupling of Cell Surface Receptors to Intracellular Signaling

• Nuclear Hormone Receptors

• Receptor Regulation of Gene Transcription

• Nongenomic Actions of Nuclear Receptor Ligands

• Diseases Caused by Mutations in Nuclear Hormone Receptors

• 3. Genetics of Endocrinology

• The Role of Genetics in Endocrinology

• Principles of Genetics

• Genetics of Endocrine Diseases

• Considerations for Clinical Use of Genetic Information and Sequencing in Endocrinology

• 4. Laboratory Techniques for Recognition of Endocrine Disorders

• Laboratory Methods

• Analytic Validation

• Quality Control

• Quality Assurance

• Classes of Assays

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgment

• Section II. Hypothalamus and Pituitary

• 5. Neuroendocrinology

• Historical Perspective

• Neural Control of Endocrine Secretion

• Hypothalamic-Pituitary Unit

• Circumventricular Organs

• Pineal Gland

• Hypophysiotropic Hormones and Neuroendocrine Axes

• Thermoregulation and Sleep-Wake Cycle

• Neuroendocrine Disease

• 6. Pituitary Physiology and Diagnostic Evaluation

• Anatomy, Development, and Overview of Control of Hormone Secretion

• Physiology and Disorders of Pituitary Hormone Axes

• Developmental, Genetic, and Acquired Causes of Pituitary Failure

• 7. Pituitary Adenomas and Masses

• Pituitary Masses

• Parasellar Masses

• Classification

• Prolactin-Secreting Adenomas

• Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas

• Functional Gonadotrophin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

• Acromegaly

• ACTH-Secreting Adenomas (Cushing Disease)

• Thyrotrophin-Secreting Adenomas

• 8. Posterior Pituitary

• Anatomy

• Synthesis and Release of Neurohypophyseal Hormones

• Physiology of Secretion of AVP and Thirst

• Diabetes Insipidus

• The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis

• Oxytocin

• Section III. Thyroid

• 9. Thyroid Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Evaluation

• Phylogeny, Embryology, and Ontogeny

• Anatomy and Histology

• Iodine and the Synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones

• Thyroid Hormones in Peripheral Tissues

• Regulation of Thyroid Function

• Physical Evaluation of the Thyroid Gland

• Laboratory Assessment of Thyroid Status

• Dynamic Tests of Thyrotrope Function

• Quantitation of Serum Thyroid Hormone Concentrations

• 10. Hyperthyroid Disorders

• Clinical Manifestations of Thyrotoxicosis

• Laboratory Diagnosis

• Graves Disease

• Graves Hyperthyroidism

• Graves Orbitopathy

• Graves Dermopathy

• Pregnancy and the Thyroid

• Inherited Nonimmune Hyperthyroidism

• Toxic Multinodular Goiter

• Toxic Adenoma

• Subclinical Hyperthyroidism

• Iodide-Induced Hyperthyroidism

• Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis

• Hyperthyroidism Due to Thyrotropin Secretion

• Tumor Chorionic Gonadotropin-Induced Hyperthyroidism

• Transient Thyrotoxicosis

• Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis With a Low Radioiodine Uptake

• Thyroid Storm

• Conclusion

• 11. Hypothyroidism and Thyroiditis

• Hypothyroidism

• Thyroiditis

• 12. Nontoxic Diffuse Goiter, Nodular Thyroid Disorders, and Thyroid Malignancies

• Structural and Functional Imaging of the Thyroid

• Follicular Cell–Derived Malignant Thyroid Disorders

• Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

• Initial Treatment of Thyroid Malignancy

• Postoperative Management of Thyroid Malignancy

• Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Thyroid Cancer After Initial Therapy

• Treatment of Advanced Thyroid Cancer

• Section IV. Adrenal Cortex and Endocrine Hypertension

• 13. The Adrenal Cortex

• The Adrenal Cortex—Historical Milestones

• Anatomy and Development

• Adrenal Steroids and Steroidogenesis

• Corticosteroid Hormone Action

• Classification and Pathophysiology of Cushing Syndrome

• Glucocorticoid Deficiency

• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

• Adrenal Adenomas, Incidentalomas, and Carcinomas

• 14. Endocrine Hypertension

• Adrenal Medulla and Catecholamines

• Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

• Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

• Primary Aldosteronism

• Other Forms of Mineralocorticoid Excess or Effect

• Other Endocrine Disorders Associated With Hypertension

• Section V. Sexual Development and Function

• 15. Physiology and Pathology of the Female Reproductive Axis

• Reproductive Physiology

• Reproductive Functions of the Hypothalamus

• Reproductive Functions of the Anterior Pituitary

• Ovary

• Endometrium

• Approach to the Woman With Reproductive Dysfunction

• Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

• Diagnosis and Management of Anovulatory Uterine Bleeding

• Hormone-Dependent Gynecologic Disorders

• Management of Menopause

• Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy

• 16. Hormonal Contraception

• Choosing a Contraceptive Method

• Combined Estrogen and Progestin Contraceptives

• Progestin-Only Contraceptive Methods

• Emergency Contraception

• Clinical Challenges in Contraceptive Care

• 17. Testicular Disorders

• Functional Anatomy and Histology

• Testis Development

• Adult Physiology

• Male Hypogonadism

• 18. Sexual Function and Dysfunction

• Introduction

• The Sexual Response Cycle

• Sexual Function and Dysfunction in the Male

• Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Men

• Endocrinology of Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women

• Endocrinology and the Lifespan

• A. Maternal-Fetal

• 19. Endocrine Changes in Pregnancy

• Placental Development

• Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy

• Maternal Endocrine Alterations

• Placental Hormone Production

• Endocrinology of Pregnancy and Parturition

• Summary

• 20. Endocrinology of Fetal Development

• Placental Transfer of Hormones

• Ectopic Fetal Hormone Production

• Fetal Endocrine Systems

• Fetal Growth

• Neutralization of Hormone Actions in the Fetus

• Programming of Fetal Endocrine Systems

• Transition to Extrauterine Life

• Maternal and Fetal Medicine

• B. Childhood

• 21. Differences of Sex Development

• Terminology

• Development of the Reproductive Systems

• Differences of Sex Development

• Investigation and Management of Differences of Sex Development

• 22. Normal and Aberrant Growth in Children

• Normal Growth

• Endocrine Regulation of Growth

• Terminal Cell Differentiation in the Pituitary

• Pathologic Basis of Growth Retardation

• Pathologic Basis of Excess Growth

• Evaluation and Treatment of Growth Abnormalities

• 23. Physiology and Disorders of Puberty

• Introduction

• Evolution of Puberty

• Adrenarche

• Physiology of Puberty

• Normal Pubertal Development

• Delayed Puberty

• Precocious Puberty

• 24. Transgender Endocrinology

• Introduction

• Mental Health Considerations and Care of Transgender Youth

• Care of Transgender Adults

• Facial Gender-Affirming Surgery

• Gender-Affirming Chest Surgery

• Gender-Affirming Genital Surgery

• Barriers to Care and Priorities for Research for Transgender Youth and Adults

• C. Adulthood

• 25. Hormones and Athletic Performance

• Effect of Athletic Performance on Hormonal Systems

• Performance Enhancing (Ab)use of Hormones

• Transgender Persons and Sport Participation

• 26. Endocrine Function and Aging

• Introduction

• The Endocrinology of Aging

• Thyroid Axis in Aging

• Adrenal Axis in Aging

• Dehydroepiandrosterone in Aging

• Male Gonadal Axis in Aging

• Somatotropic Axis in Aging

• Parathyroid Hormone in Aging

• The Concept of Successful Aging

• Section VII. Mineral Metabolism

• 27. Hormones and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism

• Basic Biology of Mineral Metabolism: Roles of the Mineral Ions

• Parathyroid Hormone

• Calcitonin

• Hypercalcemic Disorders

• Hypocalcemic Disorders

• Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism

• Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism

• 28. Endocrine Functions of Bone

• Introduction

• FGF23 and Phosphate Homeostasis

• Regulation of Whole-Organism Physiology by Bone-Derived Hormones

• Osteocalcin Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Male Fertility

• Osteocalcin Regulation of Other Physiologic Functions

• Lipocalin-2: Another Bone-Derived Hormone

• Perspectives

• 29. Osteoporosis: Basic and Clinical Aspects

• Historical Context

• Skeletal Biology

• Bone Remodeling and Its Regulation

• Epidemiology of Osteoporosis and Fractures

• Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis

• Approach to Management of Osteoporosis

• 30. Rickets and Osteomalacia

• Introduction

• Historical Perspective

• Epidemiology and Demographics

• Bone Remodeling and Mineralization

• Pathogenesis of Rickets and Osteomalacia

• Clinical Manifestations of Classical Rickets and Osteomalacia

• Treatment of Nutritional Rickets and Osteomalacia

• Rickets Due to Genetic Disorders of Vitamin D Metabolism

• Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia

• Renal Tubular Acidosis

• Drug-Induced Osteomalacia

• Conditions That Resemble Rickets and Osteomalacia

• Concluding Remarks

• 31. Kidney Stones

• Epidemiology of Stone Formation

• Pathogenesis of Stone Formation

• Clinical Presentation and Evaluation

• Therapy

• Section VIII. Disorders of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism

• 32. Physiology of Insulin Secretion

• Introduction

• Neural Regulation of β-Cell Function

• β-Cell Mass

• β-Cell Insulin Content

• Insulin Secretion Versus Plasma Insulin

• Characteristics of Insulin Secretion In Vivo

• Modes of β-Cell Response

• Insulin Secretion in the Fasting State

• The Insulin Secretory Response to Intravenous Glucose

• Slow β-Cell Response Modes and Adaptation Mechanisms

• The Insulin Secretory Response to Oral Stimuli

• Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity

• Genetic Influences on Insulin Secretion

• Insulin Secretion in Dysglycemic States

• Insulin Secretion, Insulin Action, and Glucose Homeostasis

• 33. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Epidemiology

• Pathogenesis

• Insulin Signaling

• Insulin Resistance and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Special Conditions That Induce Insulin Resistance

• 34. Therapeutics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Epidemiology

• General Approaches to Management

• Glucose-Lowering Pharmacotherapy

• Practical Aspects of Treatment

• A Standardized Initial Therapeutic Approach

• Considerations in Personalizing Therapy

• Special Situations in Clinical Management

• Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Future Directions

• 35. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

• Introduction

• Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes

• Epidemiology

• Pathophysiology

• Genetics

• Environmental Factors

• Mouse Models of Type 1 Diabetes

• Diagnosis

• Differential Diagnosis

• Chronic Complications of Type 1 Diabetes

• Management

• Insulin Therapy

• Health Behavior Management: Nutrition and Exercise

• Acute Diabetic Emergencies

• Use of Adjunctive Drugs in T1D

• β-Cell–Replacing Therapies

• Prevention and Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes

• 36. Digitized Approaches to Diabetes Diagnostics and Therapeutics

• Sensor Calibration and Accuracy

• CGM Technology Is Transformative for Diabetes Care

• CGM Data Make It Possible to Understand and Manage Multiple Risk Factors in Diabetes

• Making Daily Decisions Using CGM Technology

• Using CGM-Derived Glucose Metrics in Clinical Practice

• Time in Range in T1D and T2D

• Time in Range in Elderly People With Diabetes and Those at High Risk of Hypoglycemia

• Time in Range During Pregnancy

• Decision-Support Systems for Visualizing CGM Data and Beyond

• Ambulatory Glucose Profile—A Graphical Tool for Reviewing CGM Data

• Using the Ambulatory Glucose Profile Report in a Systematic Way

• Using CGM Improves Measures of Glycemia Compared to SMBG

• Improvements in Glycemic Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes

• CGM Is Effective in Daily Management of T2D on Insulin Regimens

• Use of CGM in People With T2D Not on Insulin Therapy

• Telemonitoring and Telemedicine Are Essential Attributes of CGM Technology

• Insulin Delivery

• Connected Insulin Pens

• Insulin Pumps

• Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy

• Automated Insulin Delivery

• Anticipated Developments for Insulin Delivery and Automated Insulin Delivery

• Use of Diabetes Technologies in Special Situations

• Future Directions

• 37. Monogenic Diabetes

• Introduction

• Monogenic Diabetes and Pregnancy

• GCK-MODY

• Conclusions

• 38. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

• Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology

• Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Ocular Complications of Diabetes

• Diabetic Nephropathy

• Natural History and Histopathology

• Structural Kidney Lesions in Diabetic Nephropathy

• Epidemiology of Diabetic Nephropathy

• Risk Factors and Markers for Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes

• Comorbidities and Associated Complications

• Prevention and Management of Diabetic Nephropathy

• Further Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 or Poorer

• Diabetic Neuropathies

• Diabetic Heart Disease

• The Diabetic Foot

• 39. Hypoglycemia

• Physiology of Defense Against Hypoglycemia

• Clinical Hypoglycemia

• Hypoglycemia in Persons With Diabetes

• Hypoglycemia in Persons Without Diabetes

• Hypoglycemia in Infancy and Childhood

• Acknowledgments

• Disclosures

• 40. Obesity and Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Stores

• Brief History of Ineffective Obesity Interventions

• Definition of Obesity

• Physiology of Body Energy Homeostasis

• Energy Expenditure

• Pathogenesis of Obesity: Genes and Environment

• Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine and Immune Organ

• Metabolically Normal Obesity

• Obesity-Associated Health Complications

• Summary

• 41. Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism

• Lipid Biochemistry, Lipid Metabolism, and Lipoproteins

• Lipoprotein Metabolism

• Clinical Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslipidemias

• Combined Hyperlipoproteinemias

• Secondary Forms of Hyper- and Dyslipoproteinemia

• Section IX. Polyendocrine and Neoplastic Disorders

• 42. Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

• Introduction to the Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1)

• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2) and Type 3 (MEN3)

• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 4 (MEN4)

• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 5 (MEN5)

• Multiple Endocrine and Other Organ Neoplasia Syndromes (MEONs)

• Future Directions and Concluding Remarks

• Acknowledgments

• 43. Neuroendocrine Tumors and Disorders

• Introduction

• Genetic Syndromes With NENs

• Endocrine-Related Symptoms and Syndromes Caused by NENs

• Non–Endocrine-Related Symptoms

• NEN Pathology

• NEN—Circulating Markers Including Hormones

• NEN Imaging

• Management

• Therapy of Hormonal Syndromes

• Antiproliferative Therapy

• 44. The Immunoendocrinopathy Syndromes

• Autoimmunity Primer

• Natural History of Autoimmune Disorders

• Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type I

• Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type II

• Other Polyendocrine Deficiency Autoimmune Syndromes

• Conclusion

• 45. Endocrinology of Cancer Management and Survivorship

• What Is Oncofertility, and Why Is It Important?

• Logistics of Fertility Preservation

• Challenges of Fertility Preservation

• Summary and Next Steps

• 46. Endocrinology of HIV/AIDS

• Adrenal Function

• Gonadal Function

• Thyroid Function

• Fluid Balance and Electrolytes

• Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Changes

• The Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Axis

• Glucose Homeostasis and Pancreatic Function

• Body Composition Changes in People With HIV

• Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease in People With HIV

• 47. Acute and Chronic COVID-19 and the Endocrine System

• Introduction and Overview of COVID-19 and Endocrine Disorders

• COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus

• Obesity and COVID-19

• Bone and Mineral Metabolism in COVID-19

• The Pituitary and COVID-19

• Thyroid and COVID-19

• Sex Hormones and COVID-19

• COVID-19 Vaccination and Endocrine Diseases

• Post–Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2

• Summary

• 48. Endocrine Disorders of Critical Illness

• Introduction

• Alterations in the Somatotropic Axis

• Alterations in the Thyroid Axis

• Alterations in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

• Insulin Resistance and Stress Hyperglycemia

• Alterations in Vitamin D

• Conclusion